Apparently, Terence Kealey wrote a book called The Economic Laws of Scientific Research. It explains the relationship between government funding and science from a free-market perspective. I haven’t found a link to the book online for free yet, but this claims to extract all the main arguments out:
http://www.the-rathouse.com/2010/Kealey-EconomicsofScience.html
I shall report back once I read more.