Words, Concepts and Mental Slavery

I’ve been thinking about 1984 a lot and had this kicking around in my head so this is probably the best place to put it. The ideas may be running into each other, but if I hash it out and get crits I can improve it. I also just typed about 2000 words only to hit backspace and lose it all, so forgive me if I’m incoherent with frustration:

Words are imperfect. Words are devices used to convey abstract concepts and desires from one human to another. In order to be useful, words must have definitions specific enough that they exclude other definitions. This exclusion must be powerful enough to preclude even synonyms. For if two words are perfectly synonymous, then one or both of them is useless. Words are often not useful. For one, they rely on other words to define them, so if there is a problem with words themselves the effect is compounded circularly. Secondly, abstractions may come in different forms to different people, in shapes, colors, sounds, or undefineable mental phenomena. Thirdly and most significantly, many of the most important words used in the most important discourse are not defined to the exclusion of other definitions.

Take “Capitalism” for example. Depending on who you ask it means “our current system of production and exchange, the private ownership of production, free-market production and exchange, corporatist production and exchange, inherently oppressive system of organization, or ‘dunno’. It is no longer a useful word to use. To effectively use the word ‘Capitalism’ one must then define the word in the more precise definition to exclude the other definitions, when one may have saved time and simply uttered the ‘excluder’ phrase and foregone the inconvenience of uttering Capitalism. A n irreversible consequence of saying Capitalism is to summon to the mind of the listener, the abstraction in which that person understands Capitalism. Even explaining what you mean and thus ruling out the abstraction conjured in the listener’s mind will not erase its imprint from the listener, no matter how disciplined a debater he may be.

Multiple definitions are bestowed on words from the experiences which people associate with them. For example: A master whips his slave, repeatedly shouting “This is redemption!” Would you expect the slave to have an opinion of the word ‘redemption’ wherein he associates it with God and Heaven? I would not. I would expect him to associate it with the master and the whip. Take the Marxian definition of Capitalism. Laborers working in poor conditions thought “Hmph! So this is Capitalism…” Thus it came to be that Capitalism would mean poor working conditions and employer oppression. In this sense a human be trained like Pavlov’s dog or Alex the Droog. Show him images of hard-labor, while playing bombastic classical music, inspiring speeches, and beautiful women and he will associate hard-labor with glory.

<<< A digression: An introvert voices his thoughts as words less than the extrovert. From this, he benefits. The extrovert converts abstractions he holds in his mind and converts them into words. Words are often defined more by connotations and impressions than by their precise meanings. Thus the extrovert will gradually lose the capability of thinking precisely. Always saying what he thinks, he will think in words and become unable to conjure pure abstractions without simultaneously conjuring the connotations and impressions associated with the word best fit for that abstraction. His mind becomes closed to the limit of his feelings. Mental doors are closed. His capacity to think precisely is impaired.

The introvert suffers this detriment less. He converts the precision of his abstractions into the imprecision of words less often. He is able to think more in abstractions and less in words. He is not chained to the mental shortcuts of connotation. He is able to walk along thin line without being pulled to the side by heavy magnetism of emotionalism and mental programming.>>>

In order for communication to be useful, words must be chosen very carefully. To choose words recklessly is to abandon the hope of communication. Here is a list of words/phrases I despise. They conceal more than they reveal, or are immediately sucked to a wall of false meaning once uttered, or a combination of both.

Free Speech – When one cries “Free Speech” what he means is “I demand that my master permit me to speak freely!” To say this is to acknowledge the existence and legitimacy of a master. The free man does not cry “free speech”, he speaks freely and then, once the state’s henchmen come to arrest him, he properly indicts them as kidnappers. “Free Speech” - It is the slave saying “Master! Of all things that you may take from me, do not take my right to speak freely”. To cry “Free Speech” is to knowingly confirm and approve of one’s slavery. This goes to Freedom of Press/Religion/Whatever as well. It is pleading.

Libertarianism – This is translated as “the political position that liberty should be advanced above all else”. It rests on a basic fallacy. Liberty is not advanced or regressed. It exists or does not. What many people mistake as freedoms or liberties are merely the permitted activities of a gracious master.

Freedom – To the leftist, freedom means “ rich getting richer, poor getting poorer, chaos, unfairness, racism, sexism, religious fundamentalism etc.” Upon uttering this word, the listener’s mind is positioned as such: freedom is sucked onto the magnetized wall which is constituted of the above characteristics. In arguing with this person, you are trying to pull a heavily magnetized object off of a wall from outside of their head. It will be difficult.

Anarchism – To the common man, Anarchism means “chaos, destruction, death, black, bomb, rape, evil” The same effect described above in the ‘freedom’ paragraph is also in effect upon the utterance of this word. The time it takes to describe Anarchism as “an absence of institutionalized violence” will be to no avail. The word has been said, the image is conjured. It would have been better to say “an absence of institutionalized violence” in the first place.

People do not think that way. They don’t think things like ““It would have been better to say “an absence of institutionalized violence” in the first place.” They just accept words as whatever they are.

In order to communicate effectively, one must avoid words like these. Ayn Rand would aptly have called them Anti-concepts. It is better to take the time to use words of irreducible meaning like “aggression”, even if your opponent will not return the courtesy.

Additionally, I’ve discovered a word I’m very fond of. Anarch. Not Anarchist, but Anarch. Anarchist is one who jockeys to push a new social system, an advocate. He is a being of politics. The Anarchist is one who pushes for a day when he can be free. The Anarch is he who recognizes no legitimacy in any aggression upon him. He takes the integrity of his person as a given, a pre-requisite of existence. He is completely free, although repeatedly trampled.

Thoughts?

Interesting analysis. I’m not entirely with you on the introvert/ extrovert distinction but I can see how the incentives can play out.

You are spot on though with the use of words. The problem is a lot of people use words solely to manipulate rather than to use for meaningful discussion, particularly politically. Racism, sexism, homophobia come to mind.

Preferably in all discussions and debates I’d like to be able to explain my position clearly however it can take some time and you need to use the time effeciently. Aggression though could be a useful and understood word however you could get the Marxists arguing that property is aggression. That said its got legs.

Also you may find this essay by Orwell - Politics and the English Language most interesting

Thanks for the thought-provoking post, Jargon.

Words can also convey concrete objects, actions, events, etc. While it’s certainly useful for words to have definitions that are specific enough to exclude other definitions, all definitions are inherently arbitrary.

The “excluder” phrase may be a lot longer than the single word that stands in for it, which is what makes the stand-in word useful (if there’s common agreement about what it stands in for). What you refer to here is what user AJ has called “word-thought overwrite”. However, I don’t think it’s guaranteed that explaining what you mean will not erase the imprint of the abstraction “automatically” conjured in the listener’s mind. I don’t think it’s rocket surgery for a person to adopt another person’s terminology in evaluating that other person’s arguments. Most people don’t do it because they haven’t been taught about (and probably don’t understand) the inherent arbitrariness of definitions. In fact, most people seem to have been taught the opposite, which is why so many people end up just talking past each other.

I don’t think it’s nearly that simple with human beings. Alex the Droog broke out of his conditioning, remember? If the slave was raised from an early age to believe that redemption involves whipping, then I think there’s a good chance he’ll believe it. But even as a slave, he’s still a thinking, reasoning human being, so there’s some chance that he’ll reason his way out of such a belief.

Great post. Just to throw some more fuel on the fire, I think there is a very real “language imperialism” at work. This imperialism is not solely a function of the media and entertainment but of the whole Establishment status quo. I also believe that there is a language rivalry at work - the Anglo-Establishment wants English to be the global language, the Sino-Establishment wants Chinese to be the global language, and so on. Like political systems, languages are being aggregated into a monolith and languages spoken only by small communities are being wiped out completely. Just another example of the destructive effects of the political process.

Clayton -

I agree with this. Perhaps I need to rephrase. People probably do not dispute between definitions for the word pencil. It’s meaning is non-controversial and likely disassociated with any traumatic experience. So some words may definitely be used without inconvenience; it is not sloppiness to use the word pencil to describe a writing instrument made up of a brittle marking substance.

It’s not enough to adopt someone’s terminology. Even in doing so, you are still fighting a battle wherein you are trying disassociate the person’s experiences from their understanding of the word. Trying to pull a magnet off of a wall. Yeah, it would probably help if people were taught about words more and understood grammar and logic better, but they don’t.

Sadly I must disagree with you. I can best substantiate this disagreement with the large popular support which Totalitarian regimes received. Notice, no assassination attempts were ever made on Josif Stalin. Why was this? The people loved him. They thought of him as a father figure and a strong man. Their concepts were muddled.

Also, when does Alex break free? I remember him fantasizing about rape at the very end but he’s still not able to commit action. That probably wasn’t a great analogy either.

Right. Another way of putting this is that some definitions are more commonly agreed upon than others.

Magnets can quite often be pulled off of walls. :slight_smile:

Just because someone does not currently understand words, grammar, and logic better doesn’t mean he’ll never understand them better. I think it’s a disservice to people to treat them like completely static beings. To me, that’s the hallmark of elitism, and I personally try to avoid it. (Hopefully I’m successful at least most of the time.)

I’m not always good at this, but since I tend to be less emotionally attached to words than others who I’m debating, I will try to adopt their terminology. On other forums, I was accused of trying to win debates by pointing out differences in definitions. However, my point with that was never to win - it was simply to point out the differences in the definitions. While I still think that’s definitely useful, what’s even more useful is to show how one’s opponent’s argument is logically inconsistent regardless of the terminology used. Even then, however, I’m not trying to win the debate - in the sense of feeling “superior” or otherwise good/better about myself because I “showed him who’s boss” etc. The point to me is further understanding of things. Unfortunately, most people who debate on the internet (if not also offline) care much more about winning.

That’s just the thing. Not everyone loved Stalin when he was in power. A lot of people didn’t. But those who didn’t love him were afraid of the consequences of expressing lack of support, for that could get them sent to the GULAG. On the other hand, a lot of Russians alive at the time were brought up under the Tsars, so they were used to an apparently strong leader ruling over everyone. There’s more to it, and I could get into it more if you want (having read a lot of Soviet history recently), but the above summarizes my thoughts on the matter.

My understanding was that the stylistic rendering at the end of the film was to illustrate that he had broken free of his conditioning. Beforehand, even thinking about certain things made him feel ill.

This seems to go in hand with vive’s post on leftists. One must be able to point out and understand fallacies in the use of the language, just as someone may say “don’t take away my freedom of speech” it implies it’s a privilege granted by some authority, but that’s not the case because it’s simply a given. Either speech exists or it does not.

With words like capitalism, freedom, individualism, liberty, etc. it is a problem when debating leftists/whoever when the definitions change. It’s not an level field of debate when two ideologies cannot even agree on common usage/meaning of words, this causes friction in communication, and of course the leftist will manipulate it to their advantage. People perceive and form their own definitions of these words on experience, they may acknowledge the existence of an assumed definition, but in their own thought and language it’s how they see fit.

The reference of Alex the Droog is fitting, I have not watched A Clockwork Orange since high school, but I think now days I would have a more in depth grasp of what it was portraying on the idea of being indoctrinated and having varying concepts on language drilled into you, it’ll affect your perception and beliefs of how things work and are.

Excellent insights, Jargon.

Here your point about how “extroverts” (by which I think you practically mean people who convert their thoughts into words at each stage of the reasoning process) end up muddling up their beliefs was spot on and I think extremely important in every field. Language is a public, low-detail, one-dimensional, lowest-common-denominator format, whereas each thinker’s own system of thought is a private, high-detail, multi-dimensional format that makes no compromises to accommodate those who understand less than the thinker.

To constantly convert private thoughts into public language is like converting back and forth between 200k jpg files and 2k gif icons at every stage of your reasoning. Since words are easier to recall than thoughts, you get lossy word-thought overwriting happening at every point. In fact, in order to maintain a doublethink position in the face of someone trying to argue you out of it, you have to perform a fresh act of word-thought overwriting in each response. You have to continually dip back into word-based thinking to re-confuse yourself.

I think the ultimate solution is to create a language - actually a whole new communication system - that is more like thought itself. My brainstorm to this end is being summarized here (no updates recently as I’ve been on intellectual break for a few months).

@AJ: I think you’re right that language and thought are partly separate. However, too much is made of the ‘imprecision’ of natural language. The so-called imprecision of natural language is the result of the fact that the rules of natural language are not completely fixed, as in the case of a computer language. But the fact that the rules of natural language are not completely fixed is the result of Godel’s incompleteness theorems (the connection is somewhat indirect). It’s really a distraction from deeper issues.

I’m working on a programming language called Babel. In the course of studying philosophy as a side-subject, I realized that the world does need a neutral, non-natural language to communicate in. The problem with the current system of many nationalistic languages competing for global status is that expanding the number of speakers of a natural language is an inherently imperialistic endeavor. The nation from which the dominant spoken language emanates enjoys many economic and other advantages as a result. In addition, we can see the benefits of language diversity since culture and language are inseparable yet natural-language imperialism is having a monolithic effect, rapidly reducing the number of living languages worldwide.

So, I have devised a framework for constructing a full-bodied artificial language - complete with syntax, grammar, word structure, and so on - but this framework is completely devoid of any semantic content whatsoever. I am currently exploring semantics and my current idea is to simply write a dissertation of my ideas and translate it into the artificial language, constructing the semantic content as I go. The only “rule” is that shorter words will be assigned to more common semantic relations, such as prepositions, tense, and so on.

If you’re interested in the details, let me know. My syntactic/grammatical framework is highly reusable so you could use the empty structure to build your own language. Of course, I wouldn’t mind someone collaborating with me on my project idea but I’m skeptical that it is possible to construct useful, a priori semantic content.

Clayton -

Depends if they have handholds… :stuck_out_tongue:

This is true. But it’s rarely the goal to convince one person. More often it is to convince many. And it is nigh impossible to educate the many in the ways of logic and grammar before you can discuss things with them. In the time it takes to do that, your opponent has already framed you as a 'rich get richer, poor get poorer, bourgeois sycophant, pay no attention, etc." I don’t mind, however, taking the individual time for individual people. But this has little effect on the real game: politics.

спасибо товарищ

A lot of people didn’t, but less people than those who did. The police state, trials, and camps could not have functioned without a broadbased citizen support. A lot of times, a lack of public support would result in the exportation to the camps.

Yes the Russians have an odd love of the ‘strong leader’.

It was always my understanding that Anthony Burgess wrote the book as a dystopian, about how much worse it is to have a human totally immoral and totally impotent rather than merely totally immoral.

This doesn’t warrant a new thread, but I wrote some FDR/Obama esque propaganda. Some of you might find it amusing.

I think you’re right that language and thought are partly separate.

I think that assertion is highly suspect. How do you quantify what thought is prior to language?

Well, when you close your eyes and visualize a geometric figure, are you thinking or not? If you are thinking, then how is it verbal? I can easily visualize a geometric figure without any verbal thoughts at all. And not only that, but I can visualize manipulations of the geometric figure which is a kind of reasoning, is it not? So, I don’t think it’s at all the case that I must have verbalized thoughts running through my head in order to think and even to reason. I’m not saying language plays no role at all - obviously it plays an important role. It’s just that language is not constitutive of thought.

Clayton -

Clayton, I stand by the claim that natural language is extremely imprecise, but there are two main reasons for that, both of which your programming language could address.

One is that thinking (such as manipulating 3D images in your head) is two- or three-dimensional, whereas language is one-dimensional - being just a string of noises or symbols representing those noises. Even though code is also 1D, the problem of humans’ limited memory or attention span is really what makes 1D language such a bottleneck, and that could be circumvented with a computer’s help, thus potentially stopping the linearity from limiting its expressive power. It may take way more code than a person could ever read and hold in his mind at once to convey the same content as a relatively simple 2D diagram, but it’s all the same to the computer.

The other source of imprecision of natural language is the lowest-common-denominator effect, where words are forced into all manner of similar yet different meanings for different purposes. Technical languages for specific fields get around this, and a computer could keep track of which field and context one is speaking in very well.

The big thing, though, is how to do the GUI. The interface would almost have to be diagrammatic and multi-dimensional: logical relations presented with Venn or Euler diagrams, for example. What I and my associate are working on now is a 2D grammar/syntax. I don’t really adhere to any theoretical considerations at this point; I simply want to create method of communicating ideas that more closely resembles the original form those ideas took in the mind of the thinker. If I see a double helix in my mind I can draw it, but it used to be that if I saw a logical deduction in my mind I didn’t know how to draw it - but now I can. I can put pages worth of logic statements and deductions into a simple diagram that captures them all in a way that a 4-year-old can grasp and use, and even take into his mind as a method of reasoning.

In the same manner, I want to collect the most effective ways people visually think about things and make a diagrammatic language out of them so that thought and communication become close to identical in whatever ways that is possible.

@AJ: The primary reason for my skepticism regarding a priori semantics is the sheer complexity of the real world. When I say “The horse leapt over the barnyard gate”, I am actually communicating an immense amount of information if it were to be communicated in terms of a priori semantics. Natural language solves this problem by arbitrarily ignoring large swathes of such information as unimportant for communication. So, for any usable language, the problem is always going to be: what a priori semantic information does this language ignore and why?

I’m interested in any thoughts you have on how this problem can be solved. Really, what you’re trying to construct sounds like a combination of early Wittgensteinian “visual logic” and Leibniz’s Characteristica Universalis. My planned “method” for deriving semantic content is simply to translate semantic concepts - as unambiguously as possible - from English (the only language I know) to my constructed language on an “as-needed” basis. If you have a more systematic method for constructing semantics, I’m interested in hearing it.

Clayton -

“The introvert suffers this detriment less. He converts the precision of his abstractions into the imprecision of words less often. He is able to think more in abstractions and less in words.”

I am not able to have an abstract thought without language. I have tried very hard and always fail. I can envision complex mechanisms or great scenes from nature, but never an abstract thought. Try the challenge.

50,000 years ago archeologists find the first signs of abstract thinking in art and many suggest that it rose simultaneous with language or specifically language with syntax and not merely vocabulary (my dog has vocabulary).

Abstraction, literally “to pull away” is a metaphor, literally “to carry away.” It is a means of taking thoughts away from our material world. Cat (which my dog knows) and Bed (which my dog knows) are not abstract thoughts. But the cat is under the bed is a language construct the dog doesn‘t get. The abstract idea of *under/*over can be pulled away from the small reality of a bed to describe many things like a hierarchy, which the dog also gets but could never relate to being under a bed or the abstract thought of under-ness (sub/hypo).

Of course words take on emotional connotations with use. The manipulation of euphemism/dysphemism is found on the Left and the Right, e.g. George Lakoff and Thomas Sowell both write about it. But if you want to get the true meaning of a word look at the etymon, literally the true meaning.

Capital comes from the root caput, head. Capitalism is the system of headship, striving to get to the top. I would invest my time and money to damn a stream, build the water wheel and saw mill machinery. I would accept all these losses of capital investment to eventually achieve the mill which would put me on top of the local lumber market, well above all the others laboring in pit saws. That is capitalism.

@Z: Naw, capital is a technical term within economics that specifically refers to the savings accumulated through deferred consumption. Capital (synonymous with “savings”) is available for use in investments. So, capitalism makes investment possible. Successful investments lengthen the time-structure of production, increasing the division-of-labor (specialization) and simultaneously lowering the cost-of-living and (thereby) raising the standard-of-living. The central thesis of non-Marxian economic theory is that the capitalist (saver/investor) intends none of this (he does not invest to improve society) but, in the course of pursuing his own ends (improvement of his own material situation in life, that is, increasing his property), all these other positive benefits arise as unintended by-products.

Is the textile magnate necessarily concerned with squashing his competition and thereby reacing “the top of the pile”? Or is it possible that his primary concern to use whatever means are available to him to increase the profitability of his occupation, that is, of his investments? There is nothing inherently hierarchical about capitalism.

Clayton -

Clayton,

Any thinker or school of thought can coopt a word by providing precise specific meaning to it. It’s axiomatic that all capital originates from savings, i.e. that it exists only because it wasn’t consumed, but I would think that savings (capital) that isn’t invested doesn’t exist in a purely capitalist sense but exists as capitalist potential.

One would hope that the technical term wouldn’t fall far from it’s etymological abstraction/metaphor. You provide the examples that in this case it doesn’t.

“improvement of his own material situation in life, that is, increasing his property”

“to increase the profitability of his occupation”

​Both examples indicate an upward movement, a movement towards the head. That is the essence of capitalism. No one would invest his savings to move downward or to stay the same. No connotations of moral judgment against hierarchy intended.

@Z: OK, I see your point now. That said, I am generally highly skeptical of etymological derivations - it’s clear that capital is a reference to the head but how the term came to be associated with savings is unclear to me. It’s like the term “equity” referring to that portion of your property which is not owed in debt to someone else, “We have $50,000 in equity in our house.” Equity is clearly a reference to the essence of equality/fairness but why? A lot of the terms in finance seem to me to have been appropriated from the wider vernacular at random. Perhaps that’s simply a function of my ignorance.

Clayton -

Um…capital comes from caput in the sense of ‘head of cattle’…